Fabrication and in vitro optical characterization of a diffractive trifocal intraocular lens with step heights...

This paper details the fabrication and in vitro characterization of a trifocal diffractive intraocular lens, in hydrophilic acrylic material, featuring cosine-modulated step heights, designed for pupil-size-independent light distribution and manufactured via diamond turning. Optical testing confirmed dioptric power compliance and consistent through-focus MTF ratios across 3.0 and 4.5 mm apertures, verifying pupil size independence for distant and near focal planes. Benchmarking against four commercial lenses showed competitive near-focus performance, but intermediate MTF under photopic conditions remains a target for future design optimization.