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Related Concept Videos

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys

GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device01:30

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point served as...
Vector Functions and Motion: Problem Solving01:30

Vector Functions and Motion: Problem Solving

Accurate position tracking is fundamental to the safe and effective operation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), particularly during precision maneuvers near complex structures. In this scenario, a drone is programmed to perform a high-precision inspection of a vertical structure, starting at position ((x, y, z) = (3, 0, 0)), with an initial velocity oriented in the positive z-direction. The trajectory of the drone is governed by a time-dependent acceleration function a(t), which is predefined...
Azimuths and Bearings01:19

Azimuths and Bearings

Azimuths and bearings are essential concepts in surveying, providing methods to express the direction of a line relative to a meridian. Azimuths refer to the clockwise angle measured from the north end of a reference meridian to the given line, ranging from zero to 360 degrees. This method gives a comprehensive directional reference within a full 360-degree circle, making it a straightforward way to communicate direction in various fields, including navigation, cartography, and...
Adjusting a Traverse01:12

Adjusting a Traverse

In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
07:14

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

Published on: May 1, 2018

Adaptive BDS RTK Positioning with Azimuth-Integer-Based Elevation Masking for Real-Time Deformation Monitoring in

Lei Zhu1, Ming Li1, Jingang Zhao1

  • 1China Coal Xi'an Design Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710054, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an adaptive real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning framework using azimuth-integer-based elevation masking to improve accuracy in open-pit mines. The method enhances satellite signal reliability and achieves sub-centimeter positioning, crucial for deformation monitoring.

Keywords:
BDS RTKambiguity resolutionazimuth-integer elevation maskmining deformation monitoring

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
07:14

Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar

Published on: May 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Geomatics Engineering
  • Satellite Navigation Systems
  • Mining Engineering

Background:

  • Open-pit mining environments suffer from compromised real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning due to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signals and multipath effects from infrastructure.
  • Conventional elevation-dependent models inadequately handle obstructed satellite signals, leading to positioning errors and unreliable deformation monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an adaptive RTK positioning framework that explicitly models site-specific obstruction geometry in open-pit mines.
  • To enhance ambiguity resolution and achieve sub-centimeter positioning accuracy for safety-critical deformation monitoring applications.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented an azimuth-integer-based elevation masking technique to model obstruction geometry by discretizing the horizontal plane into 360 sectors.
  • Constructed a 360° mask profile using line-of-sight (LOS) data and applied a virtual elevation-angle transformation for adaptive observation down-weighting.
  • Validated the framework using BeiDou System (BDS) data from eight monitoring stations in the Wangjialing open-pit mine.

Main Results:

  • The adaptive mask model improved ambiguity validation ratio by 19.5% and increased the fix success rate from 92.4% to 97.2%.
  • Root Mean Square (RMS) errors in east, north, and up directions were significantly reduced by up to 65.2%, 77.0%, and 70.8%, respectively.
  • Sub-centimeter positioning accuracy was achieved, with dramatic improvements observed in areas with severe azimuthal obstruction (e.g., ZDH6 vertical RMS reduced from 50.7 mm to 14.8 mm).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed adaptive RTK positioning framework effectively models anisotropic obstruction geometry in challenging mining environments.
  • The method provides a cost-effective solution for large-scale, real-time deformation monitoring, achieving robust ambiguity resolution and sub-centimeter accuracy without additional hardware.
  • This approach offers significant improvements over conventional methods, enhancing safety and reliability in open-pit mining operations.