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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Photorealistic Learned Landscapes for Augmented Reality
06:54

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Published on: June 27, 2025

A 3D Indoor Modelling Method Using 360° Panoramic Images and Its Application to CCTV Camera Placement Optimization.

Anak Agung Surya Pradhana1, Nobuo Funabiki1, I Nyoman Darma Kotama1

  • 1Department of Information and Communication Systems, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a 3D indoor modeling method using 360° panoramic images for optimizing closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera placement. The digital twin approach maximizes visual coverage and minimizes blind spots, improving surveillance efficiency.

Keywords:
360° panoramic image3D Gaussian splatting3D modellingCCTV placement optimizationVSLAMdigital twingreedy optimizationinertial measurement unit (IMU)ray-casting visibility analysis

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Photorealistic Learned Landscapes for Augmented Reality

Published on: June 27, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Computer Vision and Robotics
  • Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Background:

  • Effective surveillance relies on optimal closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera placement for maximum visual coverage and minimal blind spots.
  • Digital twin technology offers a promising approach for simulating and optimizing camera placement in complex environments.
  • Accurate 3D indoor modeling is essential for implementing digital twin solutions in real-world scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel 3D indoor modeling method using 360° panoramic images for digital twin applications.
  • To apply this method for optimizing CCTV camera placement to enhance visual coverage and reduce blind spots.
  • To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method through real-world installations and performance evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Constructing a structured 3D indoor model from 360° panoramic images using 3D Gaussian Splatting within a Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) framework.
  • Integrating Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data and GNSS/GPS for accurate camera position estimation and global spatial referencing.
  • Employing ray-casting visibility analysis combined with a greedy optimization algorithm in the digital twin environment to determine optimal CCTV camera locations.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method successfully generated accurate 3D indoor models from panoramic images.
  • Optimized CCTV camera placements significantly improved visual coverage and reduced blind spots in experimental settings.
  • Low Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values demonstrated high accuracy between estimated and actual camera positions after real-world installation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D indoor modeling technique is effective for creating digital twins of indoor spaces.
  • The integrated approach provides a robust solution for optimizing CCTV camera placement, enhancing surveillance effectiveness.
  • The method demonstrates practical applicability and promising performance for real-world security and monitoring applications.