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Related Concept Videos

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Distributed Loads: Problem Solving

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Related Experiment Videos

ILA-CSMA: Hybrid Sensing and Adaptive Fair Backoff for Large-Scale LoRa Networks.

Wenjie Cheng1, Haoyang Cui1, Hengwen Yu1

  • 1Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Dense Long Range (LoRa) networks face packet loss due to channel contention. The proposed Interference-Limit-Aware CSMA (ILA-CSMA) protocol enhances channel access by improving interference detection and adapting backoff times based on transmission duration.

Keywords:
LoRaLoRaWANRSSI sensingadaptive backoffcross-SF interferencefairnessmedium access controlwireless sensor networks

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Wireless communication networks
  • Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity
  • Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols

Background:

  • Dense Long Range (LoRa) networks experience significant packet loss due to channel contention and limitations in standard Channel Activity Detection (CAD).
  • Existing Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocols do not account for varying Time-on-Air (ToA) durations across different Spreading Factors (SFs), leading to inefficient channel utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate an Interference-Limit-Aware CSMA (ILA-CSMA) protocol designed to mitigate packet loss in dense LoRa networks.
  • To enhance channel sensing by integrating Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) with residual interference tolerance and to optimize backoff mechanisms using normalized ToA.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of the ILA-CSMA protocol within the Framework for LoRa (FLoRa) OMNeT++ simulator.
  • Evaluation of ILA-CSMA against Pure ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA, standard CSMA/CA, and ablation variants in simulated dense LoRa networks (100-2000 nodes).
  • Analysis of key performance indicators including Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Jain Fairness Index (JFI), energy consumption, and average packet delay.

Main Results:

  • ILA-CSMA significantly improves dense-network access by reducing hidden collisions and addressing airtime imbalance.
  • In a 2000-node network, ILA-CSMA increased PDR by approximately 20 percentage points compared to standard CSMA/CA.
  • The protocol maintained JFI above 0.85, reduced energy consumption per successful packet to 22% of standard CSMA/CA, and decreased average packet delay from 18.5s to 8.2s.

Conclusions:

  • Interference-aware sensing and Time-on-Air (ToA)-aware backoff are effective strategies for enhancing large-scale LoRa network performance.
  • ILA-CSMA offers a substantial improvement in packet delivery, fairness, energy efficiency, and delay for dense LoRa deployments.
  • The proposed protocol demonstrates the benefits of adaptive MAC layer mechanisms in overcoming limitations of current LoRa network access methods.