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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Microfluidic Channel-Based Soft Electrodes and Their Application in Capacitive Pressure Sensing

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Published on: March 17, 2023

Non-Linear Pressure Sensitivity of Standard Telecommunication Cables.

Abdulfatah A G Abushagur^1,2, Mohd Ridzuan Mokhtar^1,2, Noor Shafikah Md Rodzi^1,2

¹Centre of Fibre Networking and Communication, COE for Intelligent Network, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 12, 2026

Summary

Standard telecommunication cables show non-linear pressure responses due to armoring, impacting distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) accuracy. Characterizing cable mechanics is crucial for reliable environmental monitoring using existing infrastructure.

Keywords:

TW-COTDR distributed pressure sensing opportunistic sensing strain transfer telecommunication cables

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Area of Science:

Fiber Optic Sensing
Environmental Monitoring
Telecommunications Infrastructure

Background:

Opportunistic sensing using telecommunication networks is advancing distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS).
Standard armored telecommunication cables lack quantified mechanical responses to hydrostatic pressure, unlike custom-engineered sensing cables.
This limits the accurate application of DFOS for environmental monitoring in existing networks.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally investigate the non-linear distributed pressure sensitivity of commercial telecommunication cables.
To quantify the mechanical response of armored cables under varying hydrostatic pressures.
To determine the suitability of current DFOS calibration methods for standard infrastructure.

Main Methods:

Tunable Wavelength Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (TW-COTDR) was used for measurements.
Three commercial cables (Anti-Rodent, Duct, Microcable) were tested across 0-800 PSI.
A stepped depressurization protocol with 15-min stabilization holds ensured steady-state strain measurements at 20 cm resolution.

Main Results:

Protective cable armoring introduces significant mechanical non-linearity.
The Anti-Rodent cable showed non-linear sensitivity, with high sensitivity above 400 PSI.
The Duct cable exhibited initial high sensitivity followed by stiffening; the Microcable remained linear.
A single linear calibration is insufficient for armored cables.

Conclusions:

Cable armoring significantly impacts pressure sensitivity, leading to non-linear behavior.
The mechanical response varies greatly between different cable types.
Structural characterization of telecommunication cables is essential before opportunistic DFOS deployment for environmental monitoring.