From Sampling to Screening: A Review of Targeted and Non-Targeted PFAS Analysis in Environmental Samples

Area of Science:

• Environmental Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Toxicology

Background:

• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent synthetic chemicals found globally in environmental and biological samples.
• Growing concerns regarding PFAS persistence, mobility, and potential health effects necessitate robust analytical methods.
• Current analytical strategies face challenges due to the vast structural diversity of PFAS.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically review and assess current analytical methodologies for PFAS determination.
• To emphasize advanced techniques for comprehensive PFAS monitoring.
• To discuss the integration of various analytical approaches for improved detection.

Main Methods:

• Examination of targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as a gold standard for regulatory monitoring.
• Evaluation of non-targeted and suspect screening workflows utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for novel compound identification.
• Discussion of complementary methods like electroanalytical techniques and sum parameter analyses (total fluorine, extractable organofluorine, adsorbable organofluorine).

Main Results:

• Targeted LC-MS/MS is effective for known PFAS but limited for novel or transformation products.
• HRMS-based screening enables the identification of previously unrecognized PFAS and their byproducts.
• Sum parameter methods offer complementary insights into overall organofluorine contamination.

Conclusions:

• A combination of targeted quantification and non-targeted HRMS screening is essential for comprehensive PFAS analysis.
• Harmonized sampling, quality assurance, and method validation are crucial for reliable PFAS monitoring.
• Integrating fluorine mass balance concepts with advanced analytical techniques provides a holistic approach to understanding PFAS contamination.