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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Racial Disparities, and Involvement in the Juvenile Justice System: A

Justin B Atkins¹, Oscar A Toro Ruilowa¹, Deanna Chea¹

¹Medical School, University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Medicine, Las Vegas, USA.

|June 12, 2026

Summary

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to increased juvenile justice involvement. Early diagnosis and treatment, alongside addressing racial disparities, can improve outcomes for at-risk youth.

Keywords:

adhd delinquency health disparities incarceration juvenile justice pediatric mental health treatment access

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Area of Science:

Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Criminology
Health Disparities

Background:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition with significant behavioral, social, and legal consequences.
Untreated ADHD is correlated with higher rates of involvement in the criminal justice system.
Racial and ethnic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment may exacerbate inequitable outcomes for minority youth.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the complex interplay between ADHD, pharmacologic treatment, juvenile justice involvement, and racial/ethnic disparities in minority youth.
To synthesize current research on ADHD prevalence, delinquency, treatment efficacy, and care inequities.
To identify potential interventions for reducing justice system involvement among vulnerable youth.

Main Methods:

A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature from 2000-2026.
Searches conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar.
Inclusion of cohort studies, longitudinal analyses, meta-analyses, and national datasets.

Main Results:

ADHD is consistently associated with increased police contact, court involvement, convictions, incarceration, and re-offense rates.
Pharmacologic treatment for ADHD correlates with decreased criminal convictions and substance-related issues.
Minority youth face significant disparities, being less likely to receive ADHD diagnosis or treatment despite similar symptom severity.

Conclusions:

ADHD is overrepresented in justice-involved populations (25-30%) and represents a modifiable factor in pathways to juvenile justice involvement.
Outcomes are influenced by both clinical and structural factors, highlighting the need for equitable screening and integrated care.
Improving access to longitudinal care, inter-system coordination, and mental health services in juvenile justice settings can reduce downstream involvement for vulnerable youth.