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Related Concept Videos

Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...
Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET
Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan01:13

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
Pulmonary Angiogram
A Pulmonary Angiogram is an invasive procedure involving injecting a contrast medium through a catheter threaded into the pulmonary artery or the right side of the heart to visualize the pulmonary vasculature. Computed Tomography (CT) scans have mainly replaced this...
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera
06:28

Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera

Published on: January 30, 2020

The First Nozzle-Mounted Compton Camera Prompt Gamma Imaging System for In Vivo Proton Therapy Dose Verification.

Farshad Safavi, Stephen W Peterson, Sina Mossahebi

    Arxiv
    |June 12, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study demonstrates a novel nozzle-mounted Compton camera system for real-time proton range verification in proton therapy. The system accurately detects millimeter-scale range variations during treatment, enhancing patient safety.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Physics
    • Nuclear Instrumentation
    • Radiation Oncology

    Background:

    • Proton therapy offers precise dose delivery but requires accurate range verification.
    • Current in vivo range verification methods have limitations.
    • Prompt gamma imaging (PGI) shows promise for real-time monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To clinically integrate and experimentally demonstrate a nozzle-mounted Compton camera PGI system for in vivo proton range verification.
    • To assess the system's reliability and sensitivity to range variations under clinical conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of four CdZnTe Compton camera modules onto a clinical proton therapy gantry nozzle.
    • Acquisition of prompt gamma data during pencil-beam scanning irradiations with varying parameters (energy, dose, range).
    • 3D reconstruction of prompt gamma emission distributions using a Compton scatter model.

    Main Results:

    • The nozzle-mounted system operated reliably and produced reproducible prompt gamma localization.
    • Reconstructed emission distributions were geometrically consistent and sensitive to controlled 10 mm distal range shifts.
    • Upstream shifts in emission hotspots correlated with reduced proton penetration depth.

    Conclusions:

    • A clinically integrated nozzle-mounted Compton PGI system is feasible for in vivo proton range verification.
    • The system can detect millimeter-scale proton range variations during beam delivery.
    • This represents a significant step towards clinically deployable PGI for proton therapy.