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Related Concept Videos

Kinematic Equations for Rotation01:30

Kinematic Equations for Rotation

In mechanics, when one observes a rigid body in rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, it is possible to establish equations for its rotational kinematics. This process resembles how linear kinematics are dealt with in simpler motion studies.
For instance, imagine a point A on a rigid body engaged in circular motion. The translational velocity of this particular point can be calculated by taking the time derivatives of the displacement equation, which essentially measures the...
Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes01:25

Relative Motion Analysis using Rotating Axes

Consider a component AB undergoing a linear motion. Along with a linear motion, point B also rotates around point A. To comprehend this complex movement, position vectors for both points A and B are established using a stationary reference frame.
However, to express the relative position of point B relative to point A, an additional frame of reference, denoted as x'y', is necessary. This additional frame not only translates but also rotates relative to the fixed frame, making it instrumental in...
Kinematic Equations - III01:18

Kinematic Equations - III

The first two kinematic equations have time as a variable, but the third kinematic equation is independent of time. This equation expresses final velocity as a function of the acceleration and distance over which it acts. The fourth kinematic equation does not have an acceleration term and provides the final position of the object at time t in terms of the initial and final velocities. This equation is useful when the value of the constant acceleration is unknown.
Using the kinematic equations,...
Kinematic Equations - II01:17

Kinematic Equations - II

The second kinematic equation expresses the final position of an object in terms of its initial position, the distance traveled with the initial constant velocity, and the distance traveled due to a change in velocity. Similar to the first kinematic equation, this equation is also only valid when the acceleration is constant throughout the motion of an object.
Suppose a car merges into freeway traffic on a 200 m long ramp. If its initial velocity is 10 m/s and it accelerates at 2 m/s2, then the...
Kinematic Equations: Problem Solving01:15

Kinematic Equations: Problem Solving

When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, the problem-solving strategy involves identifying the known quantities and choosing the appropriate kinematic equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities. Generally, the number of equations required is the same as the number of unknown quantities in the given example. Two-body pursuit problems always require two...
Kinematic Equations - I01:26

Kinematic Equations - I

When an object moves with constant acceleration, the velocity of the object changes at a constant rate throughout the motion. The kinematic equations of motions are derived for such cases where the acceleration of the object is constant. The first kinematic equation gives an insight into the relationship between velocity, acceleration, and time. We can see, for example:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia
07:56

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

Predicting elbow valgus torque from upper extremity baseball pitching kinematics using markerless motion capture.

Adam R Nebel1,2, Abigail C Schmitt1

  • 1University of Arkansas, Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA.

Sports Medicine and Health Science
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Markerless motion capture accurately predicts elbow valgus torque in baseball pitchers. This technology provides ecologically valid biomechanical data for injury prevention analysis.

Keywords:
BaseballBiomechanicsElbow torqueKinatraxMarkerless motion capturePitching

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Published on: March 12, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Sports Biomechanics
  • Motion Capture Technology
  • Injury Prevention

Background:

  • Markerless motion capture systems are increasingly popular in sports analysis.
  • Validation of these systems against previous research is crucial.
  • Assessing predictive capabilities for injury prevention, specifically elbow stress, is important.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if elbow valgus torque can be predicted using data from a KinaTrax® markerless motion capture system.
  • Investigate the utility of markerless motion capture for analyzing baseball pitching biomechanics.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 21 college baseball pitchers during bullpen sessions.
  • Utilized an eight-camera KinaTrax® markerless motion capture system (300 Hz).
  • Employed multiple regression analysis to predict peak elbow valgus torque from upper extremity kinematics.

Main Results:

  • A combination of kinematic variables significantly predicted peak elbow valgus torque (R² = 0.593, p = 0.004).
  • Specific predictors included maximum external rotation, elbow flexion angles, and timing within the pitching cycle.
  • Obtained biomechanical values were comparable to previously published research.

Conclusions:

  • Markerless motion capture provides ecologically valid biomechanical data for baseball pitching.
  • This technology can be used to analyze key variables relevant to elbow injury prevention.
  • Findings support the use of markerless systems in sports injury research.