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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

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Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...

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Chemically Engineered Carbon Nanotubes Map Class-Selective Metabolite Enrichment from Human Plasma.

In-Jun Hwang, Jada S Gray, Mijin Kim

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    Researchers mapped metabolite corona composition on carbon nanotubes, revealing how polymer wraps and defects influence enrichment of lipids and metabolites in human plasma for better detection.

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    Localization and Relative Quantification of Carbon Nanotubes in Cells with Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
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    Localization and Relative Quantification of Carbon Nanotubes in Cells with Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

    Published on: December 12, 2013

    Area of Science:

    • Nanotechnology
    • Biomolecular Chemistry
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • The metabolite corona on nanoparticles is poorly understood, despite its distinct physicochemical and biological properties.
    • Characterizing the metabolite corona is crucial for understanding nanoparticle interactions in complex biological fluids like human plasma.
    • Existing methods lack comprehensive analysis of metabolite corona composition across diverse nanoparticle chemistries.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To perform the first class-level mapping of the metabolite corona on chemically modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
    • To investigate how polymer wrapping and surface defects on CNTs influence metabolite enrichment.
    • To establish CNTs as tunable scaffolds for metabolite detection in biofluids.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyze metabolite corona composition on 25 chemically modified CNTs in human plasma.
    • Employed complementary analytical conditions to detect and quantify approximately 9,000 metabolite features.
    • Applied machine learning classifiers to annotate metabolite classes and analyze enrichment patterns.

    Main Results:

    • Identified polymer wrapping as a dominant factor, with DNA-wrapped CNTs enriching nonpolar lipids and PEG-wrapped CNTs favoring polar metabolites.
    • Discovered that covalent quantum well defects on CNTs further modulate metabolite class enrichment in a structure- and chemistry-dependent manner.
    • Observed specific effects of carboxyl aryl defects (enhancing amphiphilic lipid recruitment) and trifluoro aryl defects (suppressing single-chain amphiphiles, attenuating phospholipid depletion).

    Conclusions:

    • Engineered carbon nanotubes act as chemically tunable scaffolds for selective metabolite enrichment.
    • The findings demonstrate the potential of CNT-based platforms for recruiting and detecting diverse, low-abundance small molecules in complex biofluids.
    • This work provides a foundation for designing nanomaterials with tailored metabolite-binding properties for advanced diagnostics and research.