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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Cross-reactivity

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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay01:33

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen.  Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Application of Ha-CoV-2 Pseudovirus for Rapid Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Neutralizing Antibodies
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Application of Ha-CoV-2 Pseudovirus for Rapid Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Neutralizing Antibodies

Published on: September 8, 2023

A designed overlapping variant immunogen pool elicits broad sarbecovirus neutralization.

Trinity Zang1, Viren A Baharani1,2, Miranda Aldis1

  • 1Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Developing effective vaccines against rapidly mutating viruses like SARS-CoV-2 is challenging. This study shows a novel vaccine strategy using synthetic receptor binding domain (RBD) variants elicits broader antibody responses, offering better protection against diverse viral strains.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Viral evolution, particularly in SARS-CoV-2, leads to antigenic escape, compromising vaccine efficacy and herd immunity.
  • Existing vaccines often elicit antibodies targeting variable regions, limiting neutralization breadth against emerging viral variants.
  • Antibodies generated by natural infection or vaccination primarily target the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate a novel vaccine strategy to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against viral variants.
  • To investigate the impact of immunogen design, specifically synthetic dimeric RBD variants, on antibody cross-reactivity and neutralization breadth.
  • To assess the protective efficacy of the developed vaccine approach against current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants and related coronaviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Design of synthetic dimeric receptor binding domain (RBD) immunogens with controlled sequence divergence.
  • Immunization of mice with a two-dose regimen using a pool of five overlapping heterodimeric synthetic RBD variants.
  • Evaluation of antibody cross-reactivity and neutralization breadth using serum assays and challenge models with SARS-CoV-2 variants and a SARS-CoV-1 chimeric virus.

Main Results:

  • Limiting sequence divergence in heterodimeric RBD components enhanced the generation of cross-reactive B cells and antibodies.
  • The synthetic RBD heterodimer pool, covering 10% sequence variation, induced superior antibody cross-reactivity and neutralization breadth compared to homodimers or highly divergent heterodimers.
  • The vaccine approach demonstrated effectiveness in inducing antibody responses that attenuated infection by future SARS-CoV-2 variants and provided protection against a SARS-CoV-1 challenge model.

Conclusions:

  • A vaccine strategy based on a pool of overlapping synthetic RBD heterodimers can overcome viral antigenic escape by eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies.
  • This approach represents a promising strategy for developing vaccines that provide robust protection against rapidly evolving viruses like SARS-CoV-2.
  • The findings highlight the importance of immunogen design in achieving broad and durable immune responses for effective viral disease prevention.