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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview00:58

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview

The intensity of a signal, which can be represented by the area under the peak, depends on the number of protons contributing to that signal. The area under each peak is shown as a vertical line called an integral, with the integral value listed under it, as seen in the proton NMR spectrum of benzyl acetate. Each integral value is divided by the smallest integral value to obtain the ratio of the number of protons producing each signal. The ratio reveals the relative number of protons and not...
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo
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Published on: September 26, 2016

Unveiling Excited-State Dynamics of Nitrobenzene through Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy.

Donghwan Im1,2, Doyeong Kim1,2, Jun Heo3

  • 1Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics (CARD), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultraviolet light excites nitrobenzene, causing a temporary excited state. This trapping delays the formation of nitrogen oxide species (NOx) for at least 100 picoseconds.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Published on: June 27, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Molecular Dynamics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Nitroaromatic molecules can produce reactive nitrogen oxide species (NOx) after UV excitation.
  • The precise excited-state dynamics leading to NOx formation are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the excited-state dynamics of nitrobenzene following UV excitation.
  • To understand the mechanisms and timing of NOx formation.

Main Methods:

  • Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge.
  • High-level electronic structure calculations.
  • 267 nm UV excitation of gas-phase nitrobenzene.

Main Results:

  • Nitrobenzene rapidly relaxes from the S3 state to the S1/T1 states upon excitation.
  • A significant population of molecules remains trapped in these states for over 100 ps.
  • No evidence of NO or NO2 formation was observed within the 100 ps timeframe.

Conclusions:

  • Photofragmentation leading to NOx formation is a minor pathway within the first 100 ps.
  • Excited-state trapping significantly delays the photofragmentation process in nitrobenzene.
  • These findings offer element-specific insights into nitroaromatic photochemistry.