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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
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Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping
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Published on: June 3, 2015

Toward quantum sensing of electron beams using solid-state spins.

Jakob M Grzesik1, Dominic Catanzaro1, Charles Roques-Carmes1

  • 1E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond to sense electron beams, establishing a benchmark for free-electron-qubit interactions and enabling future quantum control with electron beams.

Keywords:
electron microscopyquantum opticsspin qubits

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

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Published on: January 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Solid-state quantum systems
  • Quantum sensing

Background:

  • Historically, scattering experiments with energetic particles revealed quantum structure.
  • Coherent interactions between free electrons and solid-state qubits are challenging due to weak coupling.
  • Such control is key for hybrid quantum platforms and nanoscale sensing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a framework using nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) centers in diamond as quantum sensors for bunched electron beams.
  • To investigate the magnetic free-electron-qubit interactions.
  • To establish a metrological benchmark for free-electron-qubit coupling.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a Lindblad master equation for electron-qubit interactions.
  • Utilized spin relaxometry as a sensitive probe.
  • Integrated confocal fluorescence microscopy with a microwave-bunched electron beam line.
  • Monitored charge-state dynamics and assessed impact on sensing performance.

Main Results:

  • Established safe operating parameters for quantum sensing experiments.
  • Performed T2 relaxometry under controlled electron beam exposure.
  • Did not resolve a measurable reduction in T2 within experimental uncertainty.
  • Established an upper bound on the free-electron-spin coupling strength.

Conclusions:

  • NV- centers are quantitative probes of free electrons.
  • Results provide a benchmark for free-electron-qubit coupling under realistic conditions.
  • Paves the way for solid-state quantum control using electron beams.