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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

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Published on: January 9, 2026
Galacto-Oligosaccharides Reshape Mucin O-Glycan Profiles to Enhance Small Intestinal Barrier Development in Early
Laipeng Xu1,2, Xuan Li1, Wenlu Fan1
1Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
Abstract:
The mucin barrier is essential for postnatal gut homeostasis, but whether galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) regulate mucin glycosylation remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of early-life GOS supplementation on mucin O-glycans and intestinal barrier development in piglets using UPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS, immunofluorescence, lectin staining, and histomorphological analyses. GOS supplementation significantly increased jejunal villus width, mucosal thickness, goblet cell numbers, and MUC2 expression during early life. Glycomic profiling revealed selective remodeling of mucin O-glycans, characterized by increased core 1/3 and α2,3-sialylated glycans and reduced core 2/4 and α2,6-sialylated structures. These alterations were accompanied by upregulation of C1GALT1, GALNTs, and ST3GALs, and downregulation of ST6GALNACs and neuraminidases. Lectin staining further confirmed enhanced α2,3-sialylation and reduced α2,6-sialylation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that dietary GOS promotes intestinal barrier development and selectively modulates the composition and sialylation of mucin O-glycans, providing novel mechanistic insight into how prebiotics support gut health in early life.
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