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Comparative Performance of GPT-5 and Gemini Models in Decision Support for Bariatric Surgery: A Simulation-Based

Yahya Kemal Çalışkan1, Fatih Başak2

  • 1Department of General Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital.

Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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GPT-5 demonstrated superior performance in bariatric surgery decision simulations compared to Gemini. This study highlights the potential of AI decision support but emphasizes the need for clinician oversight due to persistent safety concerns.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Artificial Intelligence
  • Surgical Decision Support Systems
  • Large Language Models (LLMs)

Background:

  • Reliability of AI in high-risk surgical fields like bariatric surgery is not well-established.
  • Previous AI studies focused on patient education or prediction, not perioperative decision simulation.
  • This study addresses the gap by evaluating AI in safety-focused surgical decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance of GPT-5 and Gemini in simulated bariatric surgery decision-making.
  • To assess AI accuracy, safety, guideline adherence, and reasoning in surgical contexts.
  • To evaluate the potential of advanced LLMs as supervised decision-support tools.

Main Methods:

  • A simulation-based paired-comparison study using 60 expert-validated bariatric surgery vignettes.
Keywords:
GPT-5Geminiartificial intelligencebariatric surgeryclinical decision supportlarge language modelspatient safetysimulation

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  • Evaluation of GPT-5 and Gemini under standardized conditions.
  • Independent scoring of AI outputs by three bariatric surgeons for accuracy, safety, and guideline adherence.

    • Main Results:

    • GPT-5 significantly outperformed Gemini in accuracy (87.3% vs. 72.4%) and guideline adherence (78% vs. 46%).
    • Gemini produced unsafe recommendations four times more often than GPT-5 (8.4% vs. 2.1%).
    • GPT-5 showed substantial expert concordance (κ=0.71), while Gemini had moderate concordance (κ=0.54).

    Conclusions:

    • GPT-5 demonstrated superior accuracy, safety, and guideline alignment in bariatric surgery simulations.
    • Advanced LLMs show promise for supervised surgical decision support.
    • Clinical deployment requires model transparency, validation, and essential clinician oversight.