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Measurement Invariance of the Short Defeat and Entrapment Scale.

Halle S Fowler, Austin G Starkey, Raymond P Tucker

    Archives of Suicide Research : Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research
    |June 15, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Short Defeat and Entrapment Scale (SDES) is a reliable tool for measuring defeat and entrapment across diverse groups, including different genders, races, sexualities, and suicide attempt histories. This supports its use in comparative research on suicidal ideation.

    Keywords:
    Measurement invariancedefeatentrapment

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    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Psychiatry
    • Sociology

    Background:

    • The integrated-motivational volitional model of suicide links suicidal ideation to defeat and entrapment.
    • The Short Defeat and Entrapment Scale (SDES) is a potential measure for this model.
    • Measurement invariance of the SDES has not been previously established.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the measurement invariance of the Short Defeat and Entrapment Scale (SDES).
    • To determine if the SDES functions consistently across diverse demographic and clinical subgroups.
    • To validate the SDES for use in comparative studies on suicide risk factors.

    Main Methods:

    • 1,885 participants completed self-report SDES at baseline and one-week follow-up.
    • Measurement invariance was tested across gender, race/ethnicity, sexuality, and suicide attempt history.
    • Configural, metric, and scalar invariance were assessed for one-factor and two-factor SDES solutions.

    Main Results:

    • The SDES demonstrated full configural, metric, and scalar invariance.
    • Invariance was confirmed across gender (cisgender men vs. women).
    • Invariance was confirmed across race/ethnicity (White, Black, Asian American, Hispanic).
    • Invariance was confirmed across sexuality (heterosexual vs. sexual minority).
    • Invariance was confirmed across suicide attempt history (lifetime attempters vs. non-attempters).

    Conclusions:

    • The SDES is suitable for assessing defeat and entrapment across all studied subgroups.
    • The findings support group-based comparisons using the SDES.
    • This validates the SDES for research on suicide risk factors across diverse populations.