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Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
Published on: June 23, 2023
Synthetic Strategies of Fused Triazole Frameworks: A Comprehensive Review
Ramana Tamminana1, Akram Mohammed1
1Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Inavolu, Beside AP Secretariat, Amaravati, Near Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 522241, India.
Abstract:
Fused triazoles are an important class of nitrogen-rich heterocycles in which a triazole ring is integrated with aromatic or heteroaromatic systems, imparting distinctive electronic and structural properties. Recent advances have enabled the development of efficient synthetic strategies for constructing these frameworks, including azide-alkyne cycloadditions, hydrazine- and hydrazide-based cyclizations, thiourea-mediated transformations, and related annulation approaches. This review highlights key mechanistic features, catalytic systems, and the scope and limitations of these methodologies. In addition to synthetic progress, the diverse biological activities of fused triazoles, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects, are summarized, emphasizing their relevance in drug discovery. Emerging applications in catalysis, energetic materials, and functional materials are also discussed, underscoring the broad utility of fused triazole scaffolds.
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