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Related Concept Videos

Labeling DNA Probes03:31

Labeling DNA Probes

DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
Radioisotopes, fluorophores, or small molecule binding partners like biotin or digoxigenin, are the most widely used reporter tags for labeling DNA probes. These labels can be attached to the probe DNA molecule via...
In-situ Hybridization02:31

In-situ Hybridization

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique used to detect and localize specific DNA or RNA molecules in cells, tissue, or tissue sections using a labeled probe. The technique was first used in 1969 for the investigation of nucleic acids. It is currently an essential tool in scientific research and clinical settings, especially for diagnostic purposes.
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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:

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Off-On-Off Probes for Precise Theranostics.

Yufu Tang1, Bin Liu1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117585, Singapore.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Off-on-off smart probes are developed to improve theranostics by controlling probe diffusion from diseased to normal tissues. This advancement enhances imaging specificity and reduces side effects, paving the way for better clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Molecular Imaging
  • Theranostics

Background:

  • Precise theranostics rely on smart probes, with current research focusing on probe activation within target tissues.
  • The diffusion of activated probes from diseased to normal tissues is an underexplored area.
  • Understanding activated probe diffusion is critical for minimizing off-target effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and highlight the development of off-on-off smart probes.
  • To emphasize the control over probe diffusion from target to normal tissues.
  • To explore molecular design strategies for off-on-off signal control in theranostics.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular design strategies including intramolecular donor-acceptor reconfiguration, assembly/disassembly, FRET, tautomeric forms, steric effects, biodegradation, and multimechanism combinations.
  • Evaluation of off-on-off probes in preclinical models.
  • Comparison with conventional off-on probes.

Main Results:

  • Off-on-off probes demonstrate controlled activation and subsequent diffusion from target to normal tissues.
  • Molecular design strategies effectively achieve off-on-off signal control.
  • Preclinical evaluations show enhanced imaging specificity and reduced off-target therapeutic side effects compared to off-on probes.

Conclusions:

  • Off-on-off probes represent a significant advancement in theranostics, offering improved control over probe behavior.
  • These probes enhance imaging specificity and reduce unintended side effects.
  • Further development and integration into biomedical applications are promising, but challenges remain for clinical implementation.