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Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

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Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Interpersonal problems across anxiety and depressive disorders.

Jacqueline Peters¹, Marije Aan Het Rot¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Comprehensive Psychiatry

|June 15, 2026

Summary

Anxiety and depressive disorders share similar interpersonal profiles, often characterized by submissiveness. This suggests interpersonal style is a transdiagnostic factor, especially in comorbid cases, leading to significant distress.

Keywords:

Agoraphobia Dysthymia Generalized anxiety disorder Interpersonal circumplex Major depressive disorder Panic disorder Social phobia

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Psychology
Psychiatry
Clinical Psychology

Background:

Individuals with anxiety or depressive disorders often experience a lack of agency in social interactions.
Agency and communion are key dimensions within the interpersonal circumplex model.

Purpose of the Study:

To map six anxiety and depressive disorders onto the interpersonal circumplex model.
To investigate interpersonal profiles and distress levels associated with these disorders.

Main Methods:

Utilized the structural summary method to analyze Inventory of Interpersonal Problems scores from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) Wave 6 participants (n=412).
Reduced scores to interpersonal profiles for social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, dysthymia, and major depressive disorder.

Main Results:

All examined disorders were predominantly characterized by a submissive interpersonal style.
Dysthymia exhibited higher general interpersonal distress than major depressive disorder.
Comorbid anxiety and depression led to greater interpersonal distress compared to single diagnoses.

Conclusions:

Anxiety and depressive disorders share comparable interpersonal profiles, supporting interpersonal style as a transdiagnostic factor.
Interpersonal style significantly contributes to distress, particularly in individuals with comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders.