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Seaming the Bioelectronic Interface: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Validation Standards for Durable

Kai San Chan1, Yifan Guo2,3, Qinghua Duan1

  • 1School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

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|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coatings delaminate due to stress and rehydration, impacting device stability. This review details fabrication-induced failure modes and proposes chemical and physical anchoring strategies to improve PEDOT interfacial adhesion for bioelectronics.

Keywords:
PEDOTadhesion promotersbioelectronic interfaceschemomechanical degradationconducting polymersdelaminationphysical anchoringvolumetric fatigue

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Bioelectronics

Background:

  • Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is crucial for mixed ionic-electronic conduction, bridging electronics and biological tissues.
  • Interfacial instability and delamination of PEDOT coatings under stress limit long-term device operation.
  • This challenge affects bioelectronics, energy storage, and fuel cells where materials experience volumetric changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental failure modes of PEDOT interfaces.
  • To establish a systematic framework for interfacial engineering of PEDOT.
  • To propose standardized adhesion metrics and benchmarking guidelines for PEDOT-based devices.

Main Methods:

  • Dissecting interface genesis and fabrication-induced failure modes (stress accumulation vs. rehydration shock).
  • Categorizing adhesion strategies into Chemical Anchoring (composites, layers, derivatives) and Physical Anchoring (deposition/etching techniques).
  • Evaluating current adhesion metrics and proposing a 3-tier benchmarking guideline.

Main Results:

  • Fabrication history dictates failure modes: in situ electropolymerization causes stress accumulation, while ex situ processing leads to rehydration shock.
  • Chemical anchoring utilizes covalent bridges, and physical anchoring maximizes mechanical interlocking.
  • Lack of standardized adhesion metrics hinders comparative studies.

Conclusions:

  • Improved interfacial engineering through chemical and physical anchoring can enhance PEDOT stability.
  • Standardized benchmarking is essential for reliable bioelectronic interface development.
  • Proposed guidelines aim to guide future research for robust biotic-abiotic interfaces.