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Generative AI dependency on programming among university students: a scale development and validation study.

Hao Zhang1, Yanchao Yang2, Ying Zhang1

  • 1Qinggong College, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, 063200, People's Republic Of China.

BMC Psychology
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Researchers developed a new scale to measure university students' dependency on generative artificial intelligence (AI) in programming education. This tool helps understand context-specific AI reliance, not just general technology use.

Area of Science:

  • Educational Technology
  • Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Generative AI is increasingly used in programming education.
  • Concerns exist regarding student over-reliance on generative AI.
  • Validated instruments to measure AI dependency in programming are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Scale of Generative AI Dependency on Programming (SGAIDP).
  • To conceptualize GenAI dependency as a context-specific construct in programming education.
  • To provide a reliable and valid measurement tool for researchers and educators.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an initial item pool based on technology dependency and learning behavior theories.
  • Collected data from 1,295 university students using generative AI for programming.
Keywords:
DependencyGenAIProgramming learningScale developmentScale validation

Related Experiment Videos

  • Employed item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
  • Assessed criterion-related validity using Pearson correlation analyses.

    • Main Results:

    • The scale demonstrated a consistent three-factor structure (cognitive, affective, behavioral dependency).
    • The SGAIDP exhibited satisfactory reliability and construct validity.
    • Pearson correlations provided evidence for criterion-related validity.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed scale is a useful instrument for assessing generative AI dependency in programming education.
    • GenAI dependency in programming education involves interrelated cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.
    • The scale can inform instructional design and intervention strategies for AI-supported programming education.