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Related Concept Videos

Bioequivalence Data: Statistical Interpretation01:16

Bioequivalence Data: Statistical Interpretation

The statistical interpretation of bioequivalence data is a significant aspect of pharmaceutical research. Bioequivalence refers to the absence of any significant difference in the rate and extent to which the active ingredient in pharmaceutical products becomes available at the site of drug action when administered at the same molar dose under similar conditions. This helps determine if different drug products have similar absorption rates, ensuring their interchangeability.Statistical...
Testing a Claim about Standard Deviation01:19

Testing a Claim about Standard Deviation

A complete procedure to test a claim about population standard deviation or population variance is explained here.
The hypothesis testing for the claim of population standard deviation (or variance) requires the data and samples to be random and unbiased. The population distribution also must be normal. There is no specific requirement on the sample size as the estimation is based on the chi-square distribution.
As a first step, the hypothesis (null and alternative) concerning the claim about...
Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value01:13

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value

In healthcare diagnostics, laboratory tests play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions. However, interpreting test results is not always straightforward. An abnormal test result does not always confirm the presence of a disease, just as a normal result does not guarantee its absence. To assess the reliability of these diagnostic tools, healthcare practitioners rely on two key statistical indicators: sensitivity and specificity.
Sensitivity is the...
Bioequivalence: Overview01:16

Bioequivalence: Overview

Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage forms, and intended for the same administration routes. These pharmaceutical equivalents are deemed bioequivalent if the bioavailability of the active entity in the drug preparations is similar. Moreover, pharmaceutical equivalents demonstrating bioequivalence are also regarded as therapeutically equivalent. This means that when used as directed,...
Bioequivalence studies: Biowaivers01:13

Bioequivalence studies: Biowaivers

In certain scenarios, in vitro dissolution tests can replace in vivo bioequivalence studies. This is particularly true when a drug product, though available in varying strengths, maintains proportional similarity in its active and inactive ingredients. In such cases, the need for in vivo bioequivalence studies for lower strength variants may be waived, provided dissolution tests and in vivo studies on the highest strength yield satisfactory results.Bioequivalence can be indicated through...
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

Minimally important difference in health gain valuation.

Mirna Bobinac1, Ana Bobinac2, Ismar Velić2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Department of Anesthesiology, Resuscitation, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.

Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Minimal important difference (MID) thresholds indicate meaningful health gains. Study findings suggest these thresholds are context-sensitive, varying by baseline health and co-payment, challenging universal MID cutoffs in health technology assessment.

Keywords:
EQ-VASMinimal important difference (MID)economic evaluationsmeaningful health gainreimbursement

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
07:47

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

Published on: January 9, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Health outcomes research
  • Patient-reported outcomes
  • Health technology assessment (HTA)

Background:

  • Minimal important difference (MID) thresholds define clinically significant health improvements.
  • Reimbursement decisions may fund costly treatments with limited patient benefit.
  • Understanding patient-reported improvement is crucial for evidence interpretation and resource allocation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definition and application of MID concepts in outcomes research, clinical trials, and HTA.
  • To estimate the first Minimal important difference (MID) for the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) in Croatia.
  • To investigate if MID thresholds vary based on baseline health status and a co-payment model.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on MID definitions and uses.
  • Estimation of EQ-VAS MID in a Croatian representative sample (n=401).
  • Survey assessing perceived smallest noticeable and meaningful EQ-VAS improvement under free and co-payment scenarios, analyzed using descriptive statistics, rank-based tests, and multivariable regression.

Main Results:

  • The average EQ-VAS MID was 7.9 points for a free intervention, increasing to 8.7 points with a €100/month co-payment.
  • Higher MID thresholds were observed in individuals with poorer baseline health.
  • The co-payment scenario reflected a worthwhile-improvement threshold rather than a pure intrinsic MID.

Conclusions:

  • Elicited MID thresholds demonstrated context-sensitivity, particularly influenced by co-payment, suggesting universal MID cutoffs are inappropriate.
  • The co-payment scenario reflects patient willingness to pay, providing valuable insight into perceived value.
  • In HTA, MIDs should function as patient-centered benchmarks, complementing cost-effectiveness analyses and considering equity and societal values.