Garcinia indica: A Multifaceted Phytomedicine Bridging Nutrition and Therapy

Garcinia indica (Kokum), a tropical tree native to the Western Ghats of India, is an underutilized yet pharmacologically significant species in the family Clusiaceae. Traditionally used in food and folk medicine, Kokum has also attracted scientific interest due to its diverse therapeutic potential. The fruit of G. indica is rich in bioactive phytochemicals, including hydroxycitric acid (HCA), anthocyanins, and polyisoprenylated benzophenones such as garcinol, xanthochymol, and guttiferone isoforms. These compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and dermatoprotective effects. This review provides an overview of the phytochemical profile, pharmacological mechanisms, and potential health benefits of G. indica and its constituents. Particular focus is given to their roles in preventing oxidative stress, managing metabolic disorders, promoting cardiovascular and neurological health, and enhancing skin health. Given its widespread availability and multifaceted health benefits, G. indica represents a highly promising functional food and natural therapeutic agent. This article aims to compile existing knowledge and stimulate further research into the biomedical applications and market potential of this native botanical.