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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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  3. Configurational Approaches In Personality Assessment Research: An Introduction With Application To Rorschach Data.
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  3. Configurational Approaches In Personality Assessment Research: An Introduction With Application To Rorschach Data.

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Configurational Approaches in Personality Assessment Research: An Introduction with Application to Rorschach Data.

David Joubert1, Ava Bowns1

  • 1Department of Criminology, University of Ottawa.

Journal of Personality Assessment
|June 16, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Configurational comparative methods (CCMs) offer new ways to understand personality assessment. These methods, like coincidence analysis (CNA), reveal complex patterns of indicators linked to psychological outcomes, improving clinical reasoning.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological assessment
  • Personality research
  • Clinical psychology

Background:

  • Traditional variable-centered approaches in personality assessment often oversimplify complex psychological phenomena.
  • Clinical reasoning and idiographic case formulation require methods that capture individual patterns.
  • Configurational comparative methods (CCMs) offer an alternative framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce configurational comparative methods (CCMs), including qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and coincidence analysis (CNA), as valuable tools for personality assessment research.
  • To demonstrate how CCMs can address the complexity and heterogeneity of psychological functioning, particularly in clinical populations.
  • To illustrate the application of CNA in identifying configurations of indicators associated with specific outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Configurational comparative methods (CCMs) focusing on necessary or sufficient configurations of indicators.
  • Coincidence analysis (CNA) applied to Rorschach and Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) data.
  • Analysis of interpretive asymmetries in indicator presence versus absence.

Main Results:

  • CNA identified distinct combinations of Rorschach and PAI indicators linked to depressive symptomatology in university students.
  • The study revealed interpretive asymmetries, where the presence of certain Rorschach markers provided clearer inferences than their absence.
  • CCMs demonstrated a capacity to integrate quantitative and qualitative findings.

Conclusions:

  • CCMs, such as CNA, provide a valuable complement to variable- and person-centered methods in personality assessment.
  • These methods can help researchers formulate and test clinically interpretable hypotheses about patterns of indicators.
  • Greater adoption of CCMs is advocated to better capture the complexity of personality and psychopathology.