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Related Concept Videos

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Structural insights into heavy chalcogen polycations and their stabilization via (hydrogen)polysulfates.

Jan Langwald1, Sergi Burguera2, Antonio Frontera2

  • 1Institute of Inorganic and Materials Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany. mathias.wickleder@uni-koeln.de.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New selenium and tellurium cations like [Se4]2+ and [Te4]2+ were stabilized as polysulfates. These novel compounds reveal unique chalcogen bonding interactions and electrophilic properties, advancing inorganic chemistry.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Colorful solutions of tellurium cations have been known for over 200 years but lacked solid-state investigation.
  • Stabilization of polycationic chalcogens in solid-state matrices is challenging.
  • Understanding cation-anion interactions is crucial for designing novel materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare and characterize novel polysulfate salts of [Se4]2+, [Te4]2+, and [Te6]4+ cations.
  • To investigate the solid-state structures and properties of these new chalcogen compounds.
  • To elucidate the nature of cation-anion interactions, particularly chalcogen bonding, using computational methods.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of polysulfate salts using chlorosulfuric acid/sulfur trioxide media.
  • X-ray crystallography for solid-state structure determination.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, including MEP surface plots, QTAIM, and NBO analyses.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation and characterization of [Se4][S2O7], [Se4][HS2O7]2, [Se4][HS3O10]2, [Te4][HS3O10]2, [Te6][HS3O10]4, and [Te6][S4O13]2.
  • Identification of diverse chalcogen bonding (ChB) modes, including bifurcated and standard σ-hole interactions.
  • Demonstration of the [Se4]2+ dication's electrophilic duality and the role of auxiliary Ch⋯O contacts in stabilizing polycationic chalcogens.

Conclusions:

  • This study reports the first stabilization and solid-state investigation of tellurium cations synthesized from chlorosulfuric acid/sulfur trioxide media.
  • Novel cation-anion interactions, specifically various modes of chalcogen bonding, were characterized in detail.
  • The findings enhance the understanding of polycationic chalcogen stabilization and their unique electronic properties.