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Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
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Chronic Chagas Disease: A Descriptive Analysis from the GeoSentinel Network, 2014-2023.

Clara Crespillo-Andújar1,2, Teresa C Smith3, José A Pérez-Molina1,2

  • 1National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|June 16, 2026
PubMed
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Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects migrants globally. Most diagnosed cases in the GeoSentinel Network were women, predominantly Bolivian, with the indeterminate clinical form, highlighting the need for screening in non-endemic areas.

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Published on: November 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection) is endemic to Latin America but increasingly diagnosed in non-endemic regions due to migration.
  • Understanding the characteristics of diagnosed individuals is crucial for public health strategies in new areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the demographic and clinical features of individuals diagnosed with chronic Chagas disease within the GeoSentinel Network.
  • To identify trends in Chagas disease diagnosis among travelers and migrants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of GeoSentinel Network data from October 2014 to August 2023.
  • Inclusion of confirmed Chagas disease cases, analyzing demographics, country of origin, time since migration, diagnostic methods, and clinical forms.

Main Results:

  • 1,795 confirmed cases were analyzed, with 85.2% diagnosed in Spain.
  • The majority of patients were women (71.2%), of Bolivian origin (85.8%), with a median age of 45.
  • The indeterminate phase (90.2%) was the most common clinical form; diagnosis was primarily serological (98.8%) in outpatients.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with chronic Chagas disease in GeoSentinel sites are typically women of childbearing age with prolonged stays in host countries.
  • Early screening and accessible care for at-risk populations are vital to prevent congenital transmission and manage the disease.
  • Further long-term studies are needed to understand Chagas disease progression in non-endemic settings.