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Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19

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Standardized Classification System for Dysphotopsia Reporting.

Ryan S Huang¹, Natasha Verhoeff¹, Michael Balas²

¹Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Ophthalmology. Glaucoma

|June 16, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new classification system and questionnaire were developed to standardize the reporting of dysphotopsias after eye procedures. This tool, the DYsphotopsia Symptom Questionnaire and Outcomes (DYSQO), aims to improve clarity and consistency in clinical research.

Keywords:

Classification system Delphi method Dysphotopsia Visual disturbance

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Medical Informatics

Background:

Dysphotopsias are visual disturbances following ophthalmic procedures.
Standardized assessment and reporting are lacking, hindering research and clinical comparisons.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a consensus-based classification system and questionnaire for standardized dysphotopsia assessment.
To create a tool for consistent reporting in clinical practice and research.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of 5,059 articles to identify dysphotopsia symptoms and assessment items.
Delphi consensus process with 20 ophthalmic specialists over two rounds.
Iterative refinement of classification items based on ≥80% expert agreement.

Main Results:

Identified 34 unique dysphotopsia symptoms and 76 questionnaire items from the literature.
Achieved consensus on 53 of 63 items (84.1%), leading to the development of the DYSQO.
The DYSQO includes clinical variables, positive/negative symptoms, environmental modifiers, quality of life items, and interventions.

Conclusions:

A standardized classification system and questionnaire (DYSQO) for dysphotopsias were successfully developed.
Adoption of DYSQO can enhance consistency, clarity, and quality in reporting dysphotopsias.
This tool facilitates comparisons across interventions and supports evidence-based patient care.