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Related Concept Videos

Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Pseudotyped Viruses As a Molecular Tool to Monitor Humoral Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Via Neutralization Assay
05:49

Pseudotyped Viruses As a Molecular Tool to Monitor Humoral Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Via Neutralization Assay

Published on: November 21, 2023

Limited Cross-Neutralization of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 BA.3.2.2 After LP.8.1-Updated Vaccination.

Soojeong Chang1, Jieun Shin1, Seowoo Park1

  • 1Research & Development Center, Cellid Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Medical Virology
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.3.2.2 shows significant immune escape. Current vaccines, even with boosters, offer limited protection against this evolving variant, highlighting the need for updated strategies.

Keywords:
COVID‐19 vaccineSARS‐CoV‐2 variantschimeric adenovirus‐vectored vaccinecross‐neutralization

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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection

Published on: June 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 continuously evolves, driven by immune selection.
  • Emergence of antigenically distinct Omicron subvariants, like BA.3.2.2, poses challenges to vaccine efficacy.
  • BA.3.2.2 possesses numerous spike mutations, particularly in the receptor-binding domain, indicating potential immune evasion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the neutralization capacity of variant-adapted vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.3.2.2.
  • To evaluate the impact of booster immunizations on neutralizing antibody responses against BA.3.2.2.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Ad5/35-based adenoviral vaccines encoding JN.1 and LP.8.1 spike antigens.
  • Assessed neutralizing antibody responses in murine and non-human primate models.
  • Employed a pseudotyped lentivirus neutralization assay and antigenic cartography.

Main Results:

  • BA.3.2.2 demonstrated significant antigenic distance from previously circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.
  • LP.8.1 vaccination provided broadened neutralization but showed markedly lower activity against BA.3.2.2.
  • Booster immunizations enhanced responses to matched variants but did not restore neutralization against BA.3.2.2.

Conclusions:

  • BA.3.2.2 exhibits substantial resistance to neutralization induced by current variant-adapted vaccines.
  • Existing vaccine strategies may be insufficient against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants like BA.3.2.2.
  • Urgent development of updated vaccine strategies is necessary to address the evolving SARS-CoV-2 landscape.