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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Ambient Cationic Activation-Radical Synergy Yields High-Performance Polymer Electrolytes.

Zhong Xu1,2,3, Weili Deng1, Weiqing Yang1,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new cationic activation-radical synergy strategy enables room temperature polymerization for gel polymer electrolytes. This method enhances ionic transport and forms a stable solid-electrolyte interphase for high-performance lithium metal batteries.

Keywords:
cationic activation-radical synergygel polymer electrolytein-situ polymerizationlithium-ion transport kineticssolid-electrolyte interphase

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional in situ thermal polymerization for electrolytes requires high temperatures, leading to depleted monomers and salts.
  • This depletion hinders ionic transport and creates unstable solid-electrolyte interphases (SEI) in lithium metal batteries (LMBs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel polymerization strategy for gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) that operates at room temperature.
  • To improve ionic conductivity and SEI stability in LMBs.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a cationic activation-radical synergy (CIP) strategy using PF6- derived Lewis acidic species to activate vinylene carbonate (VC).
  • Utilized theoretical calculations and in situ spectroscopic analyses to understand the polymerization mechanism.
  • Fabricated and tested GPEs in LMBs.

Main Results:

  • Achieved controlled polymerization at room temperature via a cationic-induced pathway, distinct from thermal-initiated processes.
  • The GPE exhibited enhanced ionic transport with a transference number of 0.78 and conductivity of 6.49 × 10-3 S cm-1.
  • LMBs with the GPE showed a dense, inorganic-rich SEI, enabling over 2000 hours of stable lithium plating/stripping and 1200 cycles at 0.5 C.

Conclusions:

  • The CIP strategy offers a distinct, low-temperature polymerization mechanism for GPEs.
  • The developed GPE significantly enhances ionic transport and SEI stability in LMBs.
  • This approach demonstrates potential for high-performance and stable lithium metal batteries.