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Published on: June 8, 2020
Associations of Whole and Refined Grain Intake with Colorectal Cancer Risk: Dose-Response and Isocaloric Substitution
Fereshteh Dehghanpour Farashah1, Maryam Zeydi2, Mohammad Amin Mohammadi2
1Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Nutrition and Cancer
|June 17, 2026
Summary
Higher whole-grain intake significantly lowers colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, while refined grains increase it. Promoting whole grains is key for CRC prevention.
Area of Science:
- Nutrition Science
- Gastroenterology
- Cancer Research
Background:
- The relationship between dietary grains and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is not fully understood, especially in Middle Eastern populations.
- Existing research presents conflicting evidence on the specific roles of whole and refined grains in CRC development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between whole and refined grain consumption and the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) in an Iranian adult population.
- To evaluate dose-response relationships and the impact of substituting refined grains with whole grains on CRC risk.
Main Methods:
- A multicenter, population-based case-control study involving 402 CRC patients and 825 controls from Iran.
- Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire; CRC diagnosis was confirmed via colonoscopy.
Main Results:
- Highest tertile of whole-grain intake was linked to a 52% reduced CRC risk (OR: 0.48).
- Highest tertile of refined-grain intake was associated with 2.62 times higher odds of CRC (OR: 2.62).
- Replacing refined grains with whole grains showed a modest CRC risk reduction (OR: 0.91).
Conclusions:
- Increased consumption of whole grains is significantly associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.
- Higher intake of refined grains is substantially linked to an increased risk of CRC.
- Dietary recommendations should emphasize whole-grain consumption for effective CRC prevention strategies.
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