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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...
Electrolysis03:00

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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing
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Cross-Scale Self-Supporting Carbon Anode for Fast and Reversible Potassium Storage at Low Voltage.

Liluo Shi1,2, Yuhai Zhao1,2, Peng Jin1,2

  • 1School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a flexible, self-supporting hard carbon anode for potassium-ion batteries. This new anode enables fast, reversible potassium storage at low voltages, overcoming key performance limitations.

Keywords:
hard carbonpotassium‐ion batteriesself‐supporting

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Achieving high-performance carbon anodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) is hindered by the trade-off between low-voltage activity and reversibility.
  • Developing advanced anode materials is crucial for efficient and stable energy storage solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a flexible, self-supporting hard carbon (SSHC) anode for PIBs.
  • To enhance low-voltage potassium storage capacity and reversibility through cross-scale structural modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of SSHC using microscale carbon fibers and nanoscale stacked nanographtic layers.
  • Electrochemical characterization of SSHC anode performance in PIBs, including capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability.
  • Comparative analysis with graphite electrodes.

Main Results:

  • The SSHC anode demonstrated a high reversible capacity of 236.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 30 mA g⁻¹, with 179.9 mAh g⁻¹ below 0.5 V.
  • The binder-free, self-supporting framework led to a high initial coulombic efficiency of 76.3%, surpassing graphite.
  • The unique architecture facilitated fast K⁺ diffusion and stabilized low-voltage insertion, improving reversibility.

Conclusions:

  • Coupling a microscale self-supporting architecture with nanoscale diffusion pathways is an effective strategy for high-performance PIB anodes.
  • The developed SSHC anode offers a promising solution for achieving both high low-voltage capacity and excellent reversibility.
  • This approach provides valuable guidance for designing next-generation anode materials for PIBs.