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Emerging Progress of walnut protein: A critical review on structural characterization, functional optimization, and
Mengjie Geng1, Tingmei Qi2, Zhaoxian Lan2
1College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
None:
With rapid global population growth and worsening sustainable food crises, plant-based dietary patterns are expanding, spurring exploration of high-quality plant proteins. Walnut, a globally cultivated nut, produces defatted walnut meal as a by-product during oil processing, with a high protein content of 50-70%. However, walnut protein's industrial application is in the initial phase due to high glutelin content causing poor solubility/stability and incomplete understanding of functional property regulatory mechanisms. This review integrates recent knowledge on walnut proteins to form a framework covering structural characterization, extraction methods, biological activity and multiple application scenarios. Meanwhile, future research directions for walnut proteins include green/efficient/large-scale production, precise structure-activity characterization of bioactive peptides, and interaction mechanisms in complex food systems. By integrating these research dimensions, this work strengthens the correlation analysis across different research links and clarifies current technical bottlenecks along with future innovation directions. Consequently, it serves as a practical reference for the efficient utilization of walnut protein resources and the development of the plant-based protein industry.
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