Phytochemicals as eco-friendly modulators of ovarian vitellogenesis and reproductive efficiency in aquaculture

The search for natural alternatives to chemical additives and artificial hormones to enhance reproductive function in aquatic animals is driven by demand for eco-friendly aquaculture. This review explores how bioactive plant compounds can enhance ovarian vitellogenesis and reproductive efficiency in crustaceans and finfish. Vitellogenesis is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, controlling yolk protein deposition and embryogenesis. While synthetic hormones have significant effects, their environmental and health impacts have sparked interest in phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phytoestrogens. These compounds can stimulate vitellogenin production, boost reproductive performance, and improve egg quality through immunomodulatory, hormone-mimetic, and antioxidant activities that reduce oxidative stress. Plant extracts like Moringa oleifera, Eurycoma longifolia, and Cyperus spp. boost reproductive maturity and larval survival. The review highlights their cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and cultural acceptance aligned with sustainable aquaculture demands. Challenges include variation in bioactivity, lack of standardized protocols, and species-specific responses. Future research should explore nanotechnology, omics, and precision extraction to enhance the applications of phytochemicals. Combining traditional knowledge with modern science can improve aquaculture productivity for environmental and food security.