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Venous Thromboembolism in Women and Gender-Diverse Populations: A Call for Specific and Inclusive Care
Tatiana Pire-García1, Lucía Ordieres-Ortega2, Olaya Huergo-Fernández1
1Venous Thromboembolism Unit, Internal Medicine Department, General University Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
Abstract:
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) demonstrates important sex- and gender-related differences that affect risk, clinical presentation, and management. Women face unique risk factors, including pregnancy, postpartum, gynecologic malignancies, and estrogen-based therapies, while men have higher recurrence risk. Gender-affirming hormone therapy and anticoagulation-related heavy menstrual bleeding represent additional challenges, often overlooked in clinical trials. This article summarizes the most relevant sex- and gender-specific determinants of VTE, emphasizing the need for individualized and inclusive care strategies.
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