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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such as...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
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Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Published on: October 17, 2025

Endothelial Dysfunction and Neurovascular Alterations in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Jorge Manzo1

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. jmanzo@uv.mx.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves more than just neurons; vascular and endothelial cell dysfunction significantly impact brain development. This neurovascular perspective offers new avenues for ASD biomarkers and therapies.

Keywords:
ASDAngiogenesisBlood-Brain BarrierEndothelial CellsNeurovascular Unit

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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
08:44

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Published on: October 17, 2025

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
12:21

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Traditional autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research emphasizes neuronal mechanisms.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the role of vascular and neurovascular processes in ASD.
  • Endothelial cells actively regulate brain development via angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier (BBB) formation, and signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the evidence supporting a neurovascular perspective of ASD.
  • To explore endothelial dysfunction as a key component of ASD pathophysiology.
  • To integrate findings on vascular and neural interactions in brain development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of human studies and experimental models.
  • Analysis of evidence on vascular development, BBB integrity, and signaling pathways (e.g., VEGF).
  • Investigation of prenatal/perinatal factors and their impact on endothelial development.

Main Results:

  • Disturbances in vascular development, BBB integrity, and endothelial metabolism affect brain maturation and behavior in ASD.
  • Prenatal/perinatal factors like maternal inflammation and placental dysfunction impact endothelial development.
  • Oxidative stress, adhesion molecules, and the neurovascular unit link vascular and neural dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular and neural processes are interconnected in brain development, offering a new framework for understanding ASD.
  • Endothelial dysfunction is a significant factor in ASD pathophysiology, not merely a consequence of neural changes.
  • The endothelium and neurovascular unit present promising targets for ASD biomarker discovery and therapeutic interventions.