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Updated: Jun 20, 2026
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Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
Published on: January 3, 2017
Language-Common and Language-Specific Error Patterns in Children With Speech Sound Disorders: A Systematic Review
Sue Ann S Lee1,2, Carolyn Glasser1
1PhD Program in Rehabilitation Science, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock.
Summary
Speech sound disorder (SSD) error patterns show similarities across languages, but phonological processes vary. This highlights the need for culturally responsive SSD assessment tools and cross-linguistic frameworks.
Area of Science:
- Speech-Language Pathology
- Cross-linguistic Phonetics
- Child Language Acquisition
Background:
- Speech sound disorders (SSDs) affect children's ability to produce sounds accurately.
- Understanding cross-linguistic patterns in SSDs is crucial for effective diagnosis and intervention.
- Previous research has explored various aspects of SSDs, but a synthesis of cross-linguistic error patterns is needed.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and synthesize cross-linguistic evidence on speech error patterns in children with SSDs.
- To analyze percent consonants correct (PCC), SODA (substitution, omission, distortion, addition) error profiles, and phonological processes across languages.
- To identify factors contributing to variations in speech error patterns in children with SSDs.
Main Methods:
- Conducted comprehensive searches in major academic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, LLBA).
- Included empirical studies reporting quantitative error analyses for children with phonological, articulation, or functional SSDs.
- Evaluated the methodological quality of 28 included studies using a 16-item framework.
Main Results:
- PCC values (65.0%-85.0%) suggest predominantly mild-moderate to moderate impairment across nine languages.
- Substitution errors were most common, followed by omissions and distortions, with variations across languages.
- Phonological processes showed both language-common and language-specific patterns, with greater cross-linguistic variation observed.
Conclusions:
- While PCC is comparable across languages, SODA profiles and phonological processes exhibit both similarities and language-specific characteristics.
- Phonological processes demonstrate significant cross-linguistic variation, necessitating tailored assessment.
- Findings underscore the need for culturally responsive diagnostic practices and cross-linguistic frameworks for SSD assessment.
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