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Related Concept Videos

Rapid Identification of Pathogens01:25

Rapid Identification of Pathogens

MALDI-TOF MS has transformed clinical microbiology by offering a rapid and reliable method for pathogen identification. The traditional approach to microbial identification typically involves time-consuming culture techniques and biochemical tests, which can delay the initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. MALDI-TOF MS avoids these delays by using characteristic ribosomal protein mass patterns of microbial cells, enabling accurate species-level identification within minutes.Principle...
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Automated Microbial Diagnostics

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

Multi-strain Clostridioides difficile infection: Increased detection and clinical implications.

Mônica J Rodrigues-Jesus1, Maria L G S Morais1, Jae Hyun Shin2

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

The Journal of Infection
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) frequently involves multiple strains (MS). The presence of non-toxigenic strains in MS-CDI cases is linked to reduced disease severity, suggesting strain interactions impact clinical outcomes.

Keywords:
Clostridioides difficile infectionMulti-strainsNon-toxigenic strainsSeverity of disease

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
  • While mixed-strain (MS) CDI has been observed, its clinical implications remain unclear.
  • Understanding strain dynamics in CDI is crucial for effective treatment and prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of multi-strain (MS) Clostridioides difficile isolates in patients diagnosed with CDI.
  • To evaluate the clinical implications of MS infection, including disease severity and recurrence.
  • To identify specific C. difficile strains and their toxin profiles in single-strain (SS) and MS infections.

Main Methods:

  • Fecal specimens from 174 CDI patients were cultured, and three C. difficile colonies per sample were analyzed for toxin gene profiles via PCR.
  • A subset of specimens (n=62) underwent whole-genome shotgun sequencing for detailed strain analysis.
  • Clinical data from 160 patients were analyzed to correlate infection type with outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Multi-strain (MS) CDI was identified in 32.8% of patients.
  • The most common toxin profiles involved combinations of toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxins.
  • In MS cases, the presence of non-toxigenic strains was associated with a significantly decreased risk of severe CDI (p=0.0098).
  • Whole-genome sequencing confirmed MS infections and identified ST2 and ST42 as common sequence types in MS and SS cases, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • A high prevalence of MS infection exists in Clostridioides difficile-infected patients.
  • Non-toxigenic C. difficile strains in MS infections appear to mitigate disease severity.
  • Strain-specific interactions in MS infections warrant further investigation regarding treatment outcomes.