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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
11:29

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Published on: January 3, 2011

Diabetic Corneal Neuropathy as a Window Into Diabetic Foot Risk: A Large-Scale Association Study.

Chang Liu1, Mingyi Yu1, Isabelle Xin Yu Lee1

  • 1Regenerative Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.

Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic corneal neuropathy, characterized by impaired corneal nerves, is linked to diabetic foot risk severity. Corneal nerve metrics can help identify individuals at high risk for diabetic foot complications.

Keywords:
corneal nervesdiabetic corneal neuropathydiabetic foot riskocular surfacetear mediators

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Diabetology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Diabetic foot is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, leading to significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Diabetic corneal neuropathy (DCN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes.
  • The association between DCN and diabetic foot risk remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between diabetic corneal neuropathy and diabetic foot risk.
  • To examine corneal nerve features, clinical characteristics, and tear mediators in patients with different diabetic foot risk categories.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 710 participants.
  • Diabetic foot examination, in vivo confocal microscopy, ocular surface assessments, and tear mediator measurements.
  • Ordinal regression and ROC curve analysis were used to determine associations and predictive ability.

Main Results:

  • All diabetic foot risk categories showed significantly impaired corneal nerve metrics (length, density, fractal dimension, width) compared to controls.
  • Patients with high-risk diabetic foot exhibited more pronounced corneal nerve alterations.
  • Corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL) < 5.7 mm/mm² was associated with a 4.37-fold increased odds of high-risk diabetic foot.

Conclusions:

  • Corneal nerve impairment is present even in low-risk diabetic foot patients and correlates with foot risk severity.
  • Corneal nerve metrics show potential as early indicators for identifying high-risk diabetic foot.