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Related Concept Videos

Dry Friction01:30

Dry Friction

Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
Frictional Forces on Flat Belts01:28

Frictional Forces on Flat Belts

Flat belts are commonly used in various industrial applications for transmitting power from one pulley to another. When a flat belt is wrapped around a set of pulleys, it experiences different tensions at the driving pulley ends due to the friction between the belt and pulley surface. When the pulley moves in a counterclockwise direction, the tension T2 on the opposite side of the pulley where the belt is moving away from is higher than the tension T1 on the side where the belt is moving...
Non-conservative Forces01:17

Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike conservative forces, non-conservative forces do not have potential energy associated with them. This is because the energy is lost to the system and cannot be turned into useful work later.
Also unlike their conservative counterparts, they are path-dependent; where the object starts and stops does matter. For example, a grinding wheel applies a...
Two-Dimensional Force System: Problem Solving01:29

Two-Dimensional Force System: Problem Solving

Solving problems related to two-dimensional force systems is an essential aspect of mechanics and engineering. By applying the principles of vector analysis and force equilibrium, one can determine the effect of multiple forces acting on an object in a two-dimensional space.
The first step to solving a two-dimensional force system problem is to draw a free-body diagram of the object under consideration. This diagram helps identify all the external forces acting on the object, including their...
Static and Kinetic Frictional Force01:05

Static and Kinetic Frictional Force

One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
However, if two systems are in contact and are stationary relative to one...
Force Classification01:22

Force Classification

Forces play a crucial role in the study of physics and engineering. They are essential in describing the motion, behavior, and equilibrium of objects in the physical world. Forces can be classified based on their origin, type, and direction of action.
Contact and non-contact forces are two of the most widely used categories of forces. As the name suggests, contact forces require physical contact between two objects to act upon each other. Examples of contact forces include frictional,...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid
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Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation: Mechanical Property Measurements at the Nanoscale in Air and Fluid

Published on: December 2, 2022

Force Distribution and Contact Mechanics in Mini-Tablet Compaction: A Discrete Element Method Study.

Saeed Najafian1,2, Trong Bien Tran3, Bodhisattwa Chaudhuri1,2,4

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.

Pharmaceutical Research
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Powder compaction is influenced by particle size and distribution, not just fill weight. Larger particles and narrow distributions increase force heterogeneity and resistance during compaction in confined spaces.

Keywords:
compactiondie fillingdiscrete element method (DEM)force chainsmini-tablet

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Finite Element Modeling for the Simulation of the Quasi-Static Compression of Corrugated Tapered Tubes

Published on: January 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Powder mechanics
  • Materials science
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Understanding powder compaction is crucial for pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing and materials processing.
  • Confined compaction behavior is complex, influenced by particle properties and die geometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of powder fill weight, particle size, and particle size distribution on force transmission and compaction behavior.
  • To analyze how these factors affect force transmission and compaction within narrow die cavities.

Main Methods:

  • Discrete element method (DEM) simulations were employed to model confined powder compaction.
  • Monodisperse and polydisperse powder systems were simulated, varying particle size, size distribution breadth, and fill weight.
  • Compaction force-displacement, particle-level forces (normal, tangential, cohesive), and their spatial distributions were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Particle size significantly influenced force heterogeneity more than fill weight; larger particles resulted in higher, more varied contact forces.
  • Force distributions were positively skewed, indicating load localization within force chains.
  • Higher normal and tangential forces were observed near the die wall due to confinement effects. Narrow particle size distributions led to higher compaction forces and localized load-bearing structures, while wider distributions promoted more uniform force sharing and lower compaction resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Macroscopic powder compaction behavior is dictated by the organization of force networks, not solely particle-scale force magnitudes.
  • Particle size, polydispersity (variation in particle size), and confinement effects critically govern powder compaction dynamics.