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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
08:27

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation

Published on: August 28, 2017

Microdroplets as interfacial reactors: from bond breaking to atmospheric impacts.

Yaru Song1, Zijun Xu1, Narcisse Tsona Tchinda2

  • 1Qingdao Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution in Coastal Cities, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China. lindu@sdu.edu.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chemical reactions in microdroplets show altered kinetics and mechanisms compared to bulk liquids. These aqueous microdroplets facilitate bond-breaking reactions, influencing atmospheric chemistry and aerosol aging.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
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Published on: August 28, 2017

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High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts
09:00

High Throughput Analysis of Liquid Droplet Impacts

Published on: March 6, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Interface Science

Background:

  • Microdroplets possess unique physicochemical properties (large surface-to-volume ratio, partial solvation, nonequilibrium dynamics) distinct from bulk liquids.
  • Research over the past decade indicates altered reaction kinetics and mechanisms in microdroplets compared to bulk systems.
  • Strong covalent bonds can be activated and cleaved under mild conditions in aqueous microdroplets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight the role of microdroplets as interfacial environments facilitating bond-breaking reactions.
  • To discuss the physicochemical characteristics of microdroplets that reshape reaction energy landscapes and influence pathways.
  • To explore the implications of microdroplet chemistry for atmospheric processes and identify future research challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental and theoretical studies on chemical reactions in microdroplets.
  • Analysis of reported bond activations (e.g., C-F, C-H, C-S, C-X, S-O, O-O) in aqueous microdroplets.
  • Discussion of proposed radical, ionic, and coupled radical-ionic reaction pathways.

Main Results:

  • Microdroplets act as unique interfaces promoting bond cleavage reactions.
  • Physicochemical properties of microdroplets influence reaction pathways and energy landscapes.
  • Observed bond activations include C-F, C-H, C-S, C-X, S-O, and O-O bonds.

Conclusions:

  • Microdroplet interfacial chemistry, including bond cleavage and radical generation, may significantly impact atmospheric processes like sulfur cycling and organic aerosol aging.
  • Mechanistic origins of microdroplet effects require further investigation, addressing roles of electric fields, radicals, oxygen, and artifacts.
  • Future research should focus on spectroscopic detection of intermediates, scaling lab findings to atmospheric particles, and integrating interfacial chemistry into atmospheric models.