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Microelectrode array technology for organoids and microphysiological systems.

Alp T Toymus¹, Tawab Karim¹, Jean-Philippe Frimat²

¹Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.

Trends in Biotechnology

|June 19, 2026

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Three-dimensional microelectrode arrays (3D MEAs) are advancing in vitro models like organoids and microphysiological systems (MPS). These systems offer better recapitulation of human tissue for studying complex electrical activity.

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Tissue Engineering
Electrophysiology

Background:

Organoids and microphysiological systems (MPS) are advanced in vitro models that mimic 3D tissue microenvironments.
These models complement traditional 2D cell cultures and animal studies.
Microtechnologies allow for electro-mechanical stimulation and label-free monitoring of cellular activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in three-dimensional microelectrode arrays (3D MEAs).
To discuss future trends in 3D MEA-integrated multifunctional platforms for organoids and MPS.
To highlight challenges and opportunities in the field of 3D MEAs.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on 3D MEA technology.
Analysis of microtechnologies for electrophysiological signal recording and stimulation.

Keywords:

3D microelectrode arrays microphysiological systems organoids

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Discussion of the transition from 2D to 3D MEAs for complex tissue models.

Main Results:

3D MEAs are emerging as essential tools for assessing electrical activity in complex 3D tissue models.
Integration of 3D MEAs with other technologies enables multifunctional platforms.
Significant progress has been made in developing sophisticated 3D MEA systems.

Conclusions:

3D MEAs are crucial for advancing the study of organoids and MPS.
Future developments will focus on integrated multifunctional platforms.
The field presents numerous opportunities for innovation in in vitro modeling.