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Biomimetic 3D-Printed Salvinia molesta Surfaces for Geometry-Driven Wetting Control.

Vegar Stubberud¹, Kasper E B Skovly¹, Carlos Alberto Dorao²

¹Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Richard Birkelands vei 2B, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|June 20, 2026

Summary

Researchers created artificial Salvinia-inspired surfaces using two-photon polymerization (2PP). These bioinspired surfaces demonstrate advanced water repellency, decoupling wetting behavior from material properties.

Keywords:

3D printing Cassie−Baxter Salvinia additive manufacturing microstructured surfaces two-photon polymerization

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Surface Science
Bioinspired Engineering

Background:

Functional bioinspired surfaces are crucial for applications like water repellency and drag reduction.
The Salvinia effect offers a model for water-repellent surfaces, but its complex geometry hinders artificial replication.
Traditional methods for fabricating such surfaces are limited by complexity and processing steps.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the fabrication of Salvinia-inspired microstructured surfaces using two-photon polymerization (2PP).
To investigate geometry-driven wetting phenomena in a monomaterial system using these fabricated surfaces.
To explore the potential of 2PP in creating advanced functional surfaces with tunable wetting properties.

Main Methods:

Utilized two-photon polymerization (2PP) for high-resolution fabrication of microstructures.
Designed and printed base trichome geometries with varying print profiles.
Created apex-modified designs to study geometry-driven pinning effects within the same printed material.

Main Results:

Achieved apparent static contact angles exceeding 135°, indicating significant water repellency.
Demonstrated a meniscus retention distance of 0.47 mm, showcasing robust wetting control.
Successfully decoupled the apparent wetting behavior from the intrinsic hydrophilicity of the printed material.

Conclusions:

Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is a viable method for fabricating complex bioinspired microstructures.
The study highlights the critical role of surface geometry in controlling wetting behavior.
2PP enables the creation of advanced water-repellent surfaces independent of inherent material hydrophobicity.