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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

RUL-DBRS: A Novel Energy Efficient and Robust Protocol for Enhanced Communication in Underwater Wireless Sensor

Abdul Salam¹, Shahab Haider², Noreen Khan¹

¹Department of Computer Science, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan.

Scientific Reports

|June 20, 2026

Summary

A new routing protocol, Robust Uneven Load Balancing-Direction Aware Best Route Selection (RUL-DBRS), enhances underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). It improves energy efficiency, reduces delays and packet loss, and extends network life for better marine exploration.

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

Marine Technology
Network Engineering
Sensor Networks

Background:

Underwater exploration is limited by communication challenges in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs).
Existing UWSN routing protocols suffer from high energy consumption, node failures, packet loss, delays, and low throughput.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel, energy-efficient routing protocol for UWSNs.
To address the limitations of current protocols by improving reliability and performance.

Main Methods:

Proposed Robust Uneven Load Balancing-Direction Aware Best Route Selection (RUL-DBRS) protocol.
Implemented uneven load balancing based on average residual energy.
Combined direction-aware routing with adaptive load distribution.

Main Results:

RUL-DBRS reduced packet loss rate by 20% and end-to-end delay by 40s.
Improved network throughput by 20% and node lifespan by 5%.
Consumed 29% less energy compared to E²MR-HOA.

Conclusions:

RUL-DBRS offers a more reliable and efficient communication solution for UWSNs.
The protocol enhances network sustainability and performance for underwater exploration.
Uneven load balancing and direction-aware routing are key to improving UWSN efficiency.