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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
11:47

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Published on: February 15, 2015

Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques for cognitive impairment intervention.

Chuan Wang1, Bo Song2, Guanjun Wang3

  • 1Naval Medical University No. 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.

American Journal of Translational Research
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) offers a safe, repeatable alternative to drugs for cognitive impairment. This review explores techniques like TMS and tES, highlighting their potential to improve memory and executive function.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseCognitive impairmentmild cognitive impairmentnon-invasive brain stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment affects memory, executive function, and attention, often linked to neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Current drug treatments for cognitive dysfunction have limited efficacy and side effects.
  • Non-pharmacological strategies are gaining traction for managing cognitive deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review major non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques for cognitive impairment.
  • To synthesize the mechanisms, clinical applications, and evidence for various NIBS methods.
  • To provide a framework for clinical implementation and future research in cognitive enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Review of major NIBS techniques: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), gamma-frequency sensory stimulation, photobiomodulation, and transcranial ultrasound stimulation.
  • Synthesis of underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
  • Analysis of clinical evidence supporting cognitive improvement.

Main Results:

  • NIBS techniques can modulate brain region excitability and network connectivity.
  • Evidence suggests NIBS can positively impact cognitive outcomes across various conditions.
  • Specific techniques show promise in improving memory, attention, and executive functions.

Conclusions:

  • Non-invasive brain stimulation presents a promising therapeutic avenue for cognitive impairment.
  • Standardized clinical protocols and further research are needed for optimal NIBS application.
  • NIBS offers a potential disease-modifying approach for neurodegenerative cognitive disorders.