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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

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Redesigning EWOD Interconnections: Inkjet-Printed PEDOT:PSS Electrodes with Enhanced Pad Access.

Eli Nadia Abdul Latip¹, Loic Coudron², Ian Munro²

¹School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia.

|June 22, 2026

Summary

We developed a low-cost fabrication method for electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) devices using inkjet printing and conductive polymers. This approach enables cost-effective, large, multilevel flexible EWOD electrode arrays.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Microfabrication
Applied Physics

Background:

Traditional electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) fabrication is expensive, requiring specialized facilities and techniques like physical vapor deposition.
Existing printed electronics methods, while cheaper, often face limitations in electrode layering and connectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a low-cost, scalable fabrication method for EWOD devices.
To overcome topological constraints in electrode patterning for enhanced functionality.
To evaluate the performance of inkjet-printed electrodes against standard ITO-glass electrodes.

Main Methods:

Utilized inkjet printing technology with conductive polymers, specifically PEDOT:PSS.
Employed a double-sided patterning technique to overcome topological constraints.
Characterized the performance of the fabricated EWOD electrodes.

Main Results:

Achieved desired conductivity with a single pass of PEDOT:PSS printing.
Demonstrated a cost-effective solution for fabricating multilevel EWOD electrode arrays.
Overcame limitations of single-plane electrodes found in ink-on-paper and patterned-on-glass methods.

Conclusions:

Inkjet printing of PEDOT:PSS offers a viable, low-cost alternative for EWOD fabrication.
The double-sided patterning approach enables complex, multilevel electrode designs.
This method facilitates the creation of large, flexible EWOD devices cost-effectively.