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A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes

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Urinary Extracellular Vesicle Signatures as Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Patients.

Sigrun Lange¹, Darryl Ethan Bernstein², Nikolay Dimov³

¹Pathobiology and Extracellular Vesicles Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|July 29, 2025

Summary

Urinary extracellular vesicles (U-EVs) show distinct proteomic profiles in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. These U-EVs offer a promising non-invasive biomarker tool for understanding PCa disease pathways.

Keywords:

KEGG apoptosis extracellular vesicles gene ontology immunity liquid biopsy prostate cancer proteome stress response urinary biomarkers

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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer

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Published on: November 2, 2013

Area of Science:

Urology
Oncology
Biochemistry

Background:

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men.
Non-invasive biomarkers are crucial for early detection and monitoring of PCa.
Urinary extracellular vesicles (U-EVs) are emerging as promising liquid biopsy tools.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate and compare the proteomic cargo of U-EVs from PCa patients (Gleason scores 6-9) with healthy controls.
To identify potential U-EV-based biomarkers for PCa.
To analyze pathway enrichment and disease-gene associations within PCa U-EV proteomes.

Main Methods:

U-EVs were isolated from urine samples of PCa patients and healthy individuals.
Proteomic profiling of U-EVs was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Bioinformatic analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG, and Reactome pathway enrichment, were conducted.

Main Results:

U-EV protein cargoes differed significantly between PCa groups and healthy controls.
Distinct protein hits and enriched pathways (GO, KEGG, Reactome) were identified in PCa U-EVs, particularly for higher Gleason scores (GS 8-9).
Enrichment analysis revealed pathways related to inflammation, cell signaling, adhesion, and immune responses in PCa U-EVs.

Conclusions:

U-EVs possess unique proteomic signatures that reflect the presence and stage of prostate cancer.
These findings support the potential of U-EVs as non-invasive biomarkers for PCa diagnosis and understanding disease mechanisms.
U-EV analysis can provide insights into key biological processes altered in prostate cancer patients.