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Related Concept Videos

Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Genomics02:02

Genomics

Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...

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Related Experiment Video

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations
08:03

Heuristic Mining of Hierarchical Genotypes and Accessory Genome Loci in Bacterial Populations

Published on: December 7, 2021

Apollo 3: Multi-Species Genome Curation.

Garrett J Stevens, Kyösti Sutinen, Dario Beraldi

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 22, 2026

    View abstract on PubMed

    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Apollo 3 is a new genome annotation tool that integrates with JBrowse 2. This scalable software enables simultaneous multi-genome editing and synteny visualization for improved manual genome annotation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Bioinformatics
    • Computational Biology

    Background:

    • Manual genome annotation is critical for understanding gene function and genomic structure.
    • Existing tools like Apollo, Artemis, and Otter have limitations in scalability and architecture.
    • There is a need for updated tools that support collaborative and efficient genome annotation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce Apollo 3, a novel manual genome annotation tool.
    • To present its updated architecture and features for enhanced genome analysis.
    • To demonstrate its utility as a standalone or collaborative platform.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of Apollo 3 with a modern, scalable architecture and technology stack.
    • Integration with the JBrowse 2 genome browser for seamless visualization.
  • Implementation of features for simultaneous multi-genome editing and synteny visualization.

    • Main Results:

    • Apollo 3 offers a scalable and efficient solution for manual genome annotation.
    • The tool supports simultaneous editing of multiple genomes.
    • Synteny visualization is integrated to aid annotation accuracy.

    Conclusions:

    • Apollo 3 represents a significant advancement in manual genome annotation tools.
    • Its design facilitates collaborative research and improves annotation workflows.
    • The tool is suitable for both individual and large-scale genomic projects.