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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
11:02

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

Bladder-Preserving Platforms for BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

Kaiyuan Zhang1, Yanche Ren1

  • 1Department of Urology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.

Oncotargets and Therapy
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-risk bladder cancer patients unresponsive to Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) therapy have limited options. This review explores bladder-preserving strategies, highlighting their potential but noting the need for comparative data to guide treatment selection.

Keywords:
Bacillus Calmette GuerinBacillus Calmette Guerin-unresponsivebladder preservationdevice-assisted drug deliveryintravesical therapynon-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • High-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) unresponsive to Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) presents a significant clinical challenge.
  • Radical cystectomy provides oncologic control but is often not a viable option for many patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review contemporary bladder-preserving strategies for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • To analyze the mechanisms and limitations of current bladder-sparing approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of contemporary bladder-preserving strategies, including biologic intravesical platforms, device-assisted drug delivery, systemic immunotherapy, and intravesical chemotherapy.
  • Analysis of reported clinical activity, study designs, eligibility criteria, endpoints, and follow-up maturity.

Main Results:

  • Various bladder-preserving strategies show clinically meaningful activity.
  • Current evidence is limited by single-arm studies, heterogeneous criteria, and variable follow-up.
  • A definitive treatment hierarchy has not yet been established.

Conclusions:

  • Available data support expanding bladder-preserving options for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • Treatment selection should consider durability, toxicity, burden, and biomarker eligibility.
  • Further harmonized comparative evidence and biomarker frameworks are needed to guide individualized treatment allocation.