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Overview of Exosomes

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...

iPS Cell Differentiation

iPS Cell Differentiation

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Videos

Exosomes in Psoriasis: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Therapeutic Innovations.

Qi Xu¹, Wenting Liu², Siqing Zhang³

¹Department of Dermatology, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Longquanyi, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610100, People's Republic of China.

Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology

|June 22, 2026

Summary

Exosomes play key roles in psoriasis pathogenesis and show potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Further research is needed to standardize production and validate clinical efficacy for exosome-based psoriasis treatments.

Keywords:

biomarkers cell-free therapy exosomes immunomodulation psoriasis

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Dermatology

Background:

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease involving keratinocytes and immune cells.
Exosomes, crucial for cell communication, significantly influence psoriasis development and progression.
The IL-23/Th17 immune axis is central to psoriasis pathogenesis, involving T-cells and macrophages.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the multifaceted roles of exosomes in psoriasis.
To explore the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in psoriasis.
To identify challenges and future directions for exosome-based psoriasis treatments.

Main Methods:

Analysis of exosomal non-coding RNAs and proteins in psoriatic lesions.
Investigation of exosome-mediated immune cell programming (T-cells, macrophages).
Evaluation of engineered exosomes from various sources (stem cells, plants, microbes) for therapeutic effects.
Review of exosome engineering strategies for enhanced targeting and efficacy.

Main Results:

Psoriatic exosomes promote T-cell polarization, M1 macrophage activation, and keratinocyte inflammation, sustaining the IL-23/Th17 axis.
Circulating exosomal profiles serve as non-invasive biomarkers for disease activity and psoriatic arthritis.
Engineered exosomes demonstrate potential for immune regulation, antioxidant effects, and microecological repair.

Conclusions:

Exosomes are pivotal in psoriasis, acting as both drivers of the disease and promising tools for diagnosis and therapy.
Standardization of production, identification of active components, and robust clinical trials are essential for clinical translation.
Future research should focus on international standards, rational design, and rigorous trials to advance exosome-based precision medicine for psoriasis.