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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors01:28

Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...

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Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells
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Receptor-Tethered Cytosolic Modulators Enable Spatial Control of Cell Signaling Specificity.

Pantong Hu1, Zhimin Wang1, Limei Wu1

  • 1Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.

ACS Nano
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel nanoplatform to control cellular signaling. This tool precisely manipulates effector protein activity near membrane receptors, enabling new insights into immune cell regulation and potential therapies.

Keywords:
T-cell immunitycell signaling specificitylocalized protein regulationreceptorstransmembrane modulators

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cellular signaling specificity relies on spatial regulation of effector proteins.
  • Membrane receptors initiate signaling cascades by recruiting cytosolic effectors.
  • Understanding localized effector activity is crucial for cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a tool for precise spatial manipulation of cytosolic effector activity.
  • To investigate the role of localized effector activity in immune cell signaling.
  • To establish a nanoplatform for dissecting signaling networks.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered receptor-tethered cytosolic modulators with three distinct modules.
  • Utilized modulators to locally inhibit Src family kinases (SFKs) near PD1 and T-cell receptor/CD3.
  • Assessed the impact of localized inhibition on receptor phosphorylation and T-cell activity.

Main Results:

  • Local inhibition of SFKs near PD1 suppressed PD1 phosphorylation and restored T-cell activity.
  • Inhibition of SFKs near the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex impaired T-cell activation.
  • Demonstrated the ability to spatially control effector activity with high precision.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a versatile and modular nanoplatform for dissecting signaling networks.
  • Spatial control of effector activity is critical for precise signaling outcomes.
  • The nanoplatform offers opportunities for targeted bioregulation and therapeutic interventions.